LECTURE 3

LECTURE 3
THE PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION & MISCOMMUNICATION

Communication is a process of sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages.
Communication is considered effective when it achieves the desired reaction or response from the receiver.
Communication is a two way process of exchanging ideas or information.
The process of communication has six components: sender/encoder, message, medium, receiver/decoder, and feedbacks.

Context
Every message, whether oral or written, begins with context. Context is a broad field that includes country, culture, organization, and external and internal stimuli.

Internal stimuli have effect on how you translate ideas into a message. Your attitudes, opinions, emotions, past experiences, likes and dislikes, education, job status and confidence in your communication skills, all influences the way you communicate your ideas ,especially important in your ability to analyze your receiver’s cultural, viewpoint ,needs ,skills, status, metal ability, experience and expectation. You must consider all these aspects of context in order to communicate a message effectively.

Sender / Encoder
While sending a message, you are the “encoder”, the writer or speaker, depending on whether your message is written or oral you choose symbols—words, graphic, pictures—that express your message so that the receiver(s) will understand and react as you desire
You decide which symbols best convey your message and which message channel will be most effective among the oral and written media (letter, memo, telephone, etc)

Message
The message is the main idea that you wish to communicate; it is of both verbal (written or spoken) symbols and nonverbal (unspoken) symbols. First decide exactly what your message is. Also consider the receiver of your message. You must also consider your context and your receiver’s as well. How your receiver will interpret your message and how it may affect your relationship.

Medium/Channel
It means the way by which a message is communicated
You can choose electronic mail, the printed word or sound etc.
The choice of medium is affected by the relationship between the sender and the receiver. The urgency of a message can also be a factor in whether to use the written or spoken medium. You may also consider factors such as importance, number of receivers, costs and amount of information; you must also consider which medium is preferred in the receiver’s culture.
Based on research, the following describe some of the characteristics found in oral and written communication.
Oral Communication

• The oral communication brings back immediate feedback
• It has a conversational nature with shorter words and sentences
• It stresses on interpersonal relations
• This medium needs less technical details
• Its sentence structures are simple

Written Communication• This medium is more formal with focus on contents
• It can convey any amount of technical information
• It is best for permanent record
• This medium uses longer words and longer sentences. It brings delayed feedback
Internal communication consists of sending messages inside your organization. External communication consists of sending messages outside your organization.

For internal communication, written media may be:
• memos, reports, bulletins, job descriptions,
• posters, notes, employee manuals,
• electronic bulletin boards, even internal faxes.

Oral communication may take the form of
• staff meeting reports, face to face discussions,
• presentations, audio tapes, telephone chats,
• teleconferences, or videotapes

External written communication media may be:
• letters, reports, telegrams, cablegrams,
• mailgrams, faxes, telexes, postcards, contracts,
• ads, brochures, catalogs, news releases etc.
Orally it may be
• face to face discussions, telephone,
• or presentations in solo or panel situations.

Receiver / Decoder
The receiver / decoder of your message is your reader or listener. He may be influenced by the context and by the external and internal stimuli. The receiver like sender receives messages through the eyes and ears but is also influenced by nonverbal factors such as physical environment, physical appearance, body movemnts, voice quality, touch, taste, and smell.

All factors of a message are filtered through the receiver’s view and experience in the work.
Therefore, miscommunication can occur when personal biases and individual values cause the receiver to misinterpret the sender’s internal message.

Feedback
Feedback can be oral or written; it can also be an action, such as receiving in the mail or an item you ordered. Sometimes silence is used as feedback, though it is not very useful. Senders need feedback in order to determine the success or failure of the communication.